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Belgium in the Eurovision Song Contest

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Belgium in the Eurovision Song Contest
Belgium
Participating broadcasterRadio-télévision belge de la Communauté française (RTBF; 1978–present)
Formerly
  • Institut national belge de radiodiffusion (INR; 1956–1960)
  • Radio-Télévision Belge (RTB; 1961–1977)
Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie (VRT; 1998–present)
Formerly
  • Nationaal Instituut voor de Radio-omroep (NIR; 1956–1960)
  • Belgische Radio- en Televisieomroep (BRT; 1961–1990)
  • Belgische Radio- en Televisieomroep Nederlandstalige Uitzendingen (BRTN; 1991–1997)
Participation summary
Appearances65 (55 finals)
First appearance1956
Highest placement1st: 1986
Host1987
Participation history
External links
Belgium's page at Eurovision.tv Edit this at Wikidata
For the most recent participation see
Belgium in the Eurovision Song Contest 2024

Belgium has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 65 times since making its debut as one of seven countries at the first contest in 1956. The only countries with more appearances are Germany (67), France (66) and the United Kingdom (66). Belgium have been absent only three times in total, in 1994, 1997, and 2001, due to low scores in the previous contests that relegated them from the contest. Belgium has won the contest once, in 1986.

In the first 20 years of the contest, Belgium's best result was a fourth place with "Un peu de poivre, un peu de sel" performed by Tonia in 1966. In 1978, "L'amour ça fait chanter la vie" by Jean Vallée achieved Belgium's first top three placement, when it was second. "J'aime la vie" became the first and to date only win for Belgium in 1986, performed by a 13-year-old Sandra Kim. Belgium's only other top three result came in 2003, when "Sanomi" by Urban Trad finished second, losing out by only two points. Belgium has finished last in the contest eight times, most recently in 2000, and has twice received nul points, in 1962 and 1965.

After the introduction of the semi-finals in 2004, Belgium failed to reach the final for five consecutive years (2005–09). Since 2010, Belgium has become more successful, qualifying for the final in eight out of 14 contests and placing in the top ten five times, with "Me and My Guitar" by Tom Dice (sixth in 2010), "Rhythm Inside" by Loïc Nottet (fourth in 2015), "What's the Pressure" by Laura Tesoro (tenth in 2016), "City Lights" by Blanche (fourth in 2017), and "Because of You" by Gustaph (seventh in 2023).

Participation

[edit]

Belgium is a federal country divided into two major linguistic regions: Dutch-speaking Flanders in the north and French-speaking Wallonia in the south, each region having its own broadcaster: Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie (VRT)[a] in Flanders and Radio-télévision belge de la Communauté française (RTBF)[b] in Wallonia. Both broadcasters are full members of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), thus eligible to participate in the Eurovision Song Contest. As only one entrant per country is allowed in the contest in any given year, they take turns in participate representing Belgium. Since 2021, Flemish VRT has been in charge on odd years while Walloon RTBF has been in charge on even years, with both broadcasters sharing the broadcasting rights.

Contest history

[edit]

Belgium has participated in Eurovision since the very first contest in 1956, however Tonia's fourth place at the 1966 contest remained the country's most notable achievement until Jean Vallée placed second in 1978. In the 80s, following good results for Stella (fourth in 1982) and Jacques Zegers (fifth in 1984), Belgium finished last for the sixth time in 1985. This was followed by Belgium's first and (as of 2023) only Eurovision victory in 1986, when Sandra Kim won with her song "J'aime la vie". Although the lyrics claimed she was 15 years old, she was actually only 13 which prompted runner-up Switzerland to petition for her disqualification, to no avail.[c] By winning in 1986, Belgium became the last of the seven Eurovision founding countries to win the contest, as Switzerland, the Netherlands, France, Luxembourg, Italy and Germany all had won at least once before. Belgium scored an absolute record at the time, with Kim earning a never-seen-before number of 176 points (that record remained until 1993, with Ireland scoring 187 points). With an average of 9.26 points per voting nation and 77.2% of the maximum possible score, as of 2022, Kim's record still ranks eighth among all Eurovision winners.

Belgium finished last for the seventh time at the 1993 contest, before achieving its only top ten result of the 90s decade at the 1998 contest, where Mélanie Cohl finished sixth. In the 2000s, Belgium experienced mixed fortunes: the country started the decade by finishing last for the eighth and (as of 2022) final time at the 2000 contest in Stockholm, before achieving its best result of the 21st century in 2003 when Urban Trad sang in an imaginary language and earned second place with 165 points, losing out to Turkey's Sertab Erener by just two points. The country then failed to qualify from the semi-finals for 5 consecutive contests from 2005 to 2009.

The 2010 entry for Belgium was Tom Dice, runner-up of the Belgian Flemish version of The X Factor in 2008. Dice finished first in his semi-final, allowing Belgium to participate in the final for the first time since 2004 and eventually finishing sixth overall, Belgium's best result since 2003 and the best result ever for a Flemish entrant (tied with 1959).[1] Belgium then experienced a mix of ups and downs for the remainder of the 2010s: while the country failed to qualify for the final on five occasions (in 2011, 2012, 2014, 2018 and 2019), Belgium qualified in 2013 (with Roberto Bellarosa placing 12th) before scoring a three-year streak in the top ten, thanks to Loïc Nottet (fourth in 2015), Laura Tesoro (tenth in 2016) and Blanche (fourth in 2017). Following two non-qualifications with Sennek (2018) and Eliot (2019), Belgium recorded three consecutive qualifications with Hooverphonic (2021), Jérémie Makiese (2022) and Gustaph (2023), the latter finishing in seventh place overall.

Disparity between broadcasters

[edit]

There has been a significant difference in the results achieved by the Belgian participant broadcasters.[2] The Walloon broadcasters recorded Belgium's only win in 1986, all of Belgium's ten top-five placements, and 18 out of Belgium's 26 top ten placements. On the other hand, the Flemish broadcasters have placed in the top ten eight times, while scoring six out of Belgium's eight last-place finishes.[2] In the 1990s, the relegation rule was introduced, where the lowest-placing countries would not be allowed to compete the following year, to accommodate for the growing number of participating countries. Belgium was relegated three times, in 1994, 1997, and 2001; twice following a poor placing by a Flemish BRTN act the previous year, and once after Walloon RTBF act, "Envie de vivre" by Nathalie Sorce, placed last in 2000.[2]

Since the introduction of semi-finals in 2004, the broadcasters have scored similarly in terms of qualification: as of 2024, RTBF and VRT each qualified four times out of ten and nine semi-finals respectively.[3]

Participation overview

[edit]
Table key
1 First place
2 Second place
3 Third place
◁ Last place
X Entry selected but did not compete
† Upcoming event
Year Artist Song Language Final Points Semi Points
1956 Fud Leclerc "Messieurs les noyés de la Seine" French —[d] —[d] No semi-finals
Mony Marc "Le Plus Beau Jour de ma vie" French
1957 Bobbejaan Schoepen "Straatdeuntje" Dutch 8 5
1958 Fud Leclerc "Ma petite chatte" French 5 8
1959 Bob Benny "Hou toch van mij" Dutch 6 9
1960 Fud Leclerc "Mon amour pour toi" French 6 9
1961 Bob Benny "September, gouden roos" Dutch 15 ◁ 1
1962 Fud Leclerc "Ton nom" French 13 ◁ 0
1963 Jacques Raymond "Waarom?" Dutch 10 4
1964 Robert Cogoi "Près de ma rivière" French 10 2
1965 Lize Marke "Als het weer lente is" Dutch 15 ◁ 0
1966 Tonia "Un peu de poivre, un peu de sel" French 4 14
1967 Louis Neefs "Ik heb zorgen" Dutch 7 8
1968 Claude Lombard "Quand tu reviendras" French 7 8
1969 Louis Neefs "Jennifer Jennings" Dutch 7 10
1970 Jean Vallée "Viens l'oublier" French 8 5
1971 Jacques Raymond and Lily Castel "Goeie morgen, morgen" Dutch 14 68
1972 Serge and Christine Ghisoland "À la folie ou pas du tout" French 17 55
1973 Nicole and Hugo "Baby Baby" Dutch 17 ◁ 58
1974 Jacques Hustin "Fleur de liberté" French 9 10
1975 Ann Christy "Gelukkig zijn" Dutch, English 15 17
1976 Pierre Rapsat "Judy et Cie" French 8 68
1977 Dream Express "A Million in One, Two, Three" English 7 69
1978 Jean Vallée "L'amour ça fait chanter la vie" French 2 125
1979 Micha Marah "Hey Nana" Dutch 18 ◁ 5
1980 Telex "Euro-Vision" French 17 14
1981 Emly Starr "Samson" Dutch 13 40
1982 Stella "Si tu aimes ma musique" French 4 96
1983 Pas de Deux "Rendez-vous" Dutch 18 13
1984 Jacques Zegers "Avanti la vie" French 5 70
1985 Linda Lepomme "Laat me nu gaan" Dutch 19 ◁ 7
1986 Sandra Kim "J'aime la vie" French 1 176
1987 Liliane Saint-Pierre "Soldiers of Love" Dutch 11 56
1988 Reynaert "Laissez briller le soleil" French 18 5
1989 Ingeborg "Door de wind" Dutch 19 13
1990 Philippe Lafontaine "Macédomienne" French 12 46
1991 Clouseau "Geef het op" Dutch 16 23
1992 Morgane "Nous on veut des violons" French 20 11
1993 Barbara "Iemand als jij" Dutch 25 ◁ 3 Kvalifikacija za Millstreet
1995 Frédéric Etherlinck "La voix est libre" French 20 8 No semi-finals
1996 Lisa del Bo "Liefde is een kaartspel" Dutch 16 22 12 45
1998 Mélanie Cohl "Dis oui" French 6 122 No semi-finals
1999 Vanessa Chinitor "Like the Wind" English 12 38
2000 Nathalie Sorce "Envie de vivre" French 24 ◁ 2
2002 Sergio and the Ladies "Sister" English 13 33
2003 Urban Trad "Sanomi" Imaginary 2 165
2004 Xandee "1 Life" English 22 7 Top 11 in 2003 contest[e]
2005 Nuno Resende "Le Grand Soir" French Failed to qualify 22 29
2006 Kate Ryan "Je t'adore" English 12 69
2007 The KMG's "Love Power" English 26 14
2008 Ishtar "O Julissi" Imaginary 17 16
2009 Copycat "Copycat" English 17 1
2010 Tom Dice "Me and My Guitar" English 6 143 1 167
2011 Witloof Bay "With Love Baby" English Failed to qualify 11 53
2012 Iris "Would You?" English 17 16
2013 Roberto Bellarosa "Love Kills" English 12 71 5 75
2014 Axel Hirsoux "Mother" English Failed to qualify 14 28
2015 Loïc Nottet "Rhythm Inside" English 4 217 2 149
2016 Laura Tesoro "What's the Pressure" English 10 181 3 274
2017 Blanche "City Lights" English 4 363 4 165
2018 Sennek "A Matter of Time" English Failed to qualify 12 91
2019 Eliot "Wake Up" English 13 70
2020 Hooverphonic "Release Me" English Contest cancelled[f] X
2021 Hooverphonic "The Wrong Place" English 19 74 9 117
2022 Jérémie Makiese "Miss You" English 19 64 8 151
2023 Gustaph "Because of You" English 7 182 8 90
2024 Mustii "Before the Party's Over" English Failed to qualify 13 18
2025 Red Sebastian "Strobe Lights" English Upcoming †

Hostings

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Year Location Venue Presenter
1987 Brussels Centenary Palace Viktor Lazlo

Awards

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Barbara Dex Award

[edit]
Further information: Barbara Dex Award
Year Performer Host city Ref.
2000 Nathalie Sorce Sweden Stockholm
[4]
[edit]

Conductors

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Year Conductor[g] Notes Ref.
1956 Léo Souris [5]
1957 Germany Willy Berking Host conductor
1958 Netherlands Dolf van der Linden
1959 Francis Bay
1960 Henri Segers
1961 Francis Bay
1962 Henri Segers
1963 Francis Bay
1964 Henri Segers
1965 Gaston Nuyts
1966 Luxembourg Jean Roderes Host conductor
1967 Francis Bay
1968 Henri Segers
1969 Francis Bay
1970 Jack Say [6]
1971 Francis Bay
1972 Henri Segers
1973 Francis Bay
1974 France Pierre Chiffre
1975 Francis Bay
1976 France Michel Bernholc
1977 United Kingdom Alyn Ainsworth
1978 France Jean Musy
1979 Francis Bay
1980 No conductor [7]
1981 Giuseppe Marchese
1982 Jack Say
1983 Freddy Sunder
1984 Jo Carlier
1985 Sweden Curt-Eric Holmquist Host conductor
1986 Jo Carlier
1987 Freddy Sunder [h]
1988 Daniel Willem
1989 Freddy Sunder
1990 Rony Brack
1991 Roland Verlooven
1992 Frank Fievez
1993 Bert Candries
1995 Alec Mansion
1996 Bob Porter
1998 No conductor

Commentators and spokespersons

[edit]

Over the years, commentary for the contest on VRT and RTBF has been provided by several experienced radio and television presenters, including Piet de Nuyl Jr., Jacques Mercier, Luc Appermont and Paule Herreman. From 1991, André Vermeulen provided the Dutch-language commentary every year except 1996. Jean-Pierre Hautier provided French-language commentary from 1994 to 2012, later dying shortly after the 2012 contest. In 1962, BRT retransmitted the commentary feed from the Dutch broadcaster NTS, possibly for financial reasons.

VRT supplied an additional commentator to join André Vermeulen starting in 1998; between 1999 and 2010, dual commentary was provided by either Bart Peeters or Anja Daems. Peeters provided the commentary during the years when VRT selected the entries, whilst Daems commentated the years in which RTBF selected the entries. Sven Pichal replaced Daems in 2011, whilst Peter Van de Veire replaced Peeters. In 2007, Jean-Louis Lahaye joined Jean-Pierre Hautier as a supplementary commentator for RTBF. After Hautier's death in 2012, Lahaye was joined by Maureen Louys in 2013.

Television and radio broadcasts, commentators and spokespersons
Year Flemish language Walloon language Spokesperson Ref.
Television Radio Television Radio
Channel Commentator(s) Channel Commentator(s) Channel Commentator(s) Channel Commentator(s)
1956 NIR Piet te Nuyl Jr.[i] No radio broadcast INR Raymond Colbert [fr][j] No radio broadcast No spokesperson [8][9]
1957 Unknown Brussel Vlaams Unknown Robert Beauvais Unknown [10][11]
1958 No radio broadcast Unknown Bruxelles I Unknown [12]
1959 Paule Herreman No radio broadcast [13][14]
1960 Nic Bal [nl] Georges Désir [fr] [15][16][17]
1961 BRT RTB Robert Beauvais [18][19]
1962 Willem Duys[i] Unknown [20][21]
1963 Bob Boon [nl] and Denise Maes Pierre Delhasse [22][23]
1964 Unknown Unknown [24]
1965 Premier Programme Unknown [25]
1966 [26][27]
1967 Paule Herreman RTB 3 [28][29][30]
1968 RTB 1 [31][32]
1969 Jan Theys [nl] Eugène Senelle [33][34][35]
1970 Unknown Unknown [36][34]
1971 Anton Peters BRT 2 Fred Braeckman [nl] Paule Herreman No spokesperson [37][38][39]
1972 Unknown No radio broadcast [40]
1973 BRT 1 Unknown [41][42][43][44]
1974 Unknown Unknown [45][46][47]
1975 No radio broadcast [48][49][50]
1976 No radio broadcast [51][52]
1977 TV1 Luc Appermont Radio 1 Unknown RTB1 [53][54][55]
1978 No radio broadcast RTBF1 [56][57]
1979 Unknown Paule Herreman [58]
1980 Unknown RTBF Radio 1 Unknown [59][60]
1981 Luc Appermont [61][62][63][64]
1982 RTBF Radio 1, Bruxelles 21 [65][66][67][68]
1983 BRT 2 Unknown Télé 2 RTBF Radio 1 [69][70][71][72]
1984 RTBF1, Télé 2 Unknown [73][74][75]
1985 Unknown [76][77][78][79]
1986 BRT 2 Unknown Patrick Duhamel [fr] [80]
1987 RTBF1 Unknown Radio Deux [fr] Unknown An Ploegaerts [81][82][83][84]
1988 Pierre Collard-Bovy Unknown Unknown [85][86][87]
1989 Ann Lepère Jacques Mercier [88][89]
1990 TV2 Unknown Claude Delacroix [90][91][92]
1991 TV1, TV2 André Vermeulen Radio 2 [93][94]
1992 Marc Brillouet [nl] and Julien Put [nl] [95][96][97][98]
1993 TV1 No radio broadcast RTBF1, Télé 21 [99][100]
1994 TV2 Radio 2 Marc Brillouet and Julien Put RTBF1 Jean-Pierre Hautier Did not participate [101][102][103]
1995 TV1 Unknown Marie-Françoise Renson [104][105][106][107][108]
1996 Michel Follet and Johan Verstreken Radio 2 Guy De Pré [nl] and Bart Pieters Jean-Pierre Hautier and Sandra Kim An Ploegaerts [109][110][111][112][113][114]
1997 André Vermeulen No radio broadcast RTBF La 1 Jean-Pierre Hautier Did not participate [105][115][116]
1998 André Vermeulen and Andrea Croonenberghs [nl] Radio 2 André Vermeulen and Andrea Croonenberghs Marie-Hélène Vanderborght [117][118][119][120]
1999 André Vermeulen and Bart Peeters No radio broadcast Sabine De Vos [nl] [121][122][123][124]
2000 André Vermeulen and Anja Daems La Une No radio broadcast Thomas Van Hamme [125][126][127][128]
2001 Did not participate [129][130][131]
2002 André Vermeulen and Bart Peeters Radio 2 Filip Pletinckx and Katrien Palmers [nl] Geena Lisa Peeters [nl] [122][132][133]
Radio Donna Jan Bosman [nl]
2003 André Vermeulen and Anja Daems No radio broadcast La Une, RTBF Sat Corinne Boulangier [fr] [134][135][136][137]
2004 Unknown La Une (Final) La Première (Final) Unknown Martine Prenen [nl] [138][139][140][141][142]
2005 Eén André Vermeulen and Anja Daems La Une, RTBF Sat Jean-Louis Lahaye [fr] (Semi-final)
Jean-Pierre Hautier (Final) 		No radio broadcast Armelle Gysen [fr] [135][143][144][145][146][147][148][149]
2006 André Vermeulen and Bart Peeters Radio 2 Unknown Jean-Pierre Hautier Yasmine [150][151][152][153][154][155]
2007 André Vermeulen and Anja Daems No radio broadcast Jean-Louis Lahaye and Jean-Pierre Hautier La Première Unknown Maureen Louys [156][157][158][159][160][161][162]
2008 Eén (SF1/Final)
Eén+ [nl] (SF2) 		André Vermeulen and Bart Peeters La Une (SF1/Final) No radio broadcast Sandrine Van Handenhoven [nl] [163][164][165][166][167]
2009 Eén André Vermeulen and Anja Daems La Une, RTBF Sat Maureen Louys [168][169][170][171][172][173][174]
2010 André Vermeulen and Bart Peeters La Une Katja Retsin [nl]
2011 André Vermeulen and Sven Pichal Radio 2 André Vermeulen and Sven Pichal Maureen Louys [175][176][177]
2012 één André Vermeulen and Peter Van de Veire André Vermeulen and Peter Van de Veire Peter Van de Veire [178][179][180]
2013 André Vermeulen and Tom De Cock André Vermeulen and Tom De Cock Jean-Louis Lahaye and Maureen Louys Barbara Louys [fr] [181][182][183]
2014 Peter Van de Veire and Eva Daeleman [nl] Peter Van de Veire and Eva Daeleman VivaCité (Final) Olivier Gilain Angelique Vlieghe [184][185][186][187]
2015 Walid [188][189][190][191]
2016 Peter Van de Veire No radio broadcast No radio broadcast Umesh Vangaver [nl] [192][193][194][195]
2017 Peter Van de Veire Radio 2 Peter Van de Veire VivaCité (SF1/Final) Olivier Gilain Fanny Gillard [fr] [196][197][198][199]
2018 No radio broadcast No radio broadcast Danira Boukhriss [200][201][202]
2019 één (SF1/Final)
Ketnet (SF2) 		David Jeanmotte [fr] [203][204][205][206][207]
2020 Not announced before cancellation
2021 één Peter Van de Veire Radio 2 (Final) Anja Daems and Showbizz Bart [nl] La Une, RTBF Auvio Jean-Louis Lahaye and Fanny Jandrain [fr][k] VivaCité Jean-Louis Lahaye and Fanny Jandrain Danira Boukhriss [208][209][210][211][212]
Ketnet Dutch audio description
2022 één Peter Van de Veire No radio broadcast La Une Jean-Louis Lahaye and Maureen Louys Jean-Louis Lahaye and Maureen Louys David Jeanmotte [213][214][215][216][217]
2023 VRT 1 Radio 2 Peter Van de Veire Tipik (SF1)
La Une (SF2/Final) 		Bart Cannaerts [nl] [218][219][220][221]
2024 Radio 2 (Final) VivaCité (Final) Livia Dushkoff [222][223][224][225][226][227]
2025 TBA TBA [228]
[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes and references

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Since 1998. Previously: Nationaal Instituut voor de Radio-omroep (NIR; 1956–1960), Belgische Radio- en Televisieomroep (BRT; 1961–1990), and Belgische Radio- en Televisieomroep Nederlandstalige Uitzendingen (BRTN; 1991–1997).
  2. ^ Since 1978. Previously: Institut national belge de radiodiffusion (INR; 1956–1960) and Radio-Télévision Belge (RTB; 1961–1977).
  3. ^ Since the 1990 contest, the minimum age for participation is 16, meaning that Kim shall remain the youngest winner unless the age limit is waivered.
  4. ^ a b The 1956 contest had secret voting and, apart from the winner, no results were released.
  5. ^ According to the then-Eurovision rules, the top ten non-Big Four countries from the previous year along with the Big Four automatically qualified for the Grand Final without having to compete in semi-finals. For example, if Germany and France placed inside the top ten, the 11th and 12th spots were advanced to next year's Grand Final along with all countries ranked in the top ten.
  6. ^ The 2020 contest was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
  7. ^ All conductors are of Belgian nationality unless otherwise noted.
  8. ^ The contest was organized by RTBF, but the Belgian entry was from BRT, hence Walloon Jo Carlier serving as musical director (and conducting for Cyprus) while a Flemish conductor led the Belgian entry.
  9. ^ a b Commentary provided by the Netherlands NTS
  10. ^ Commentary provided by Switzerland's TSR
  11. ^ Jandrain was a late replacement for Maureen Louys, who was absent due to testing positive for COVID-19.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Eurovision 2010: complete televoting and jury results". wiwibloggs.com. 30 June 2010. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  2. ^ a b c Tielens, Filip (15 May 2021). "Waarom Vlaanderen telkens slecht scoort op het Eurovisiesongfestival". De Standaard. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  3. ^ "Belgium". Eurovision.tv.
  4. ^ Adams, William Lee (9 July 2015). "Poll: Who was the worst dressed Barbara Dex Award winner?". Wiwibloggs. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  5. ^ Roxburgh, Gordon (2012). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. One: The 1950s and 1960s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. pp. 93–101. ISBN 978-1-84583-065-6.
  6. ^ Roxburgh, Gordon (2014). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Two: The 1970s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. pp. 142–168. ISBN 978-1-84583-093-9.
  7. ^ Roxburgh, Gordon (2016). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Three: The 1980s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84583-118-9.
  8. ^ "Binnen- en buitenlandse televisie programma's van 20 tot 26 mei 1956" [Domestic and foreign television programmes from 20 to 26 May 1956]. De radio- en televisieweek (in Dutch). Vol. 12, no. 21. NIR. 20–26 May 1956. p. 19. OCLC 1399842623.
  9. ^ "INR: Émissions françaises de télévision" [INR: French television shows]. Micro magazine (in French). Vol. 12, no. 580. INR. 20 May 1956. p. 42. OCLC 1400213208.
  10. ^ "Binnen- en buitenlandse televisie programma's van 3 tot 9 maart 1957" [Domestic and foreign television programmes from 3 to 9 March 1957]. De radio- en televisieweek (in Dutch). Vol. 13, no. 9. Brussels, Belgium: Nationaal Instituut voor de Radio-omroep [nl] (NIR). 3 March 1957. p. 22. OCLC 1399842623.
  11. ^ "Brussel Vlaamse uitzendingen" [Brussels Flemish broadcasts]. De radio- en televisieweek (in Dutch). Vol. 13, no. 9. Brussels, Belgium: Nationaal Instituut voor de Radio-omroep [nl] (NIR). 3 February 1957. p. 12. OCLC 1399842623.
  12. ^ "À la radio" [On the radio]. Le Soir (in French). Brussels, Belgium. 12 March 1958. p. 12. Retrieved 5 January 2025 – via BelgicaPress [nl].
  13. ^ "Televisie" [Television]. De Standaard (in Dutch). Brussels, Belgium. 11 March 1959. p. 11. Retrieved 19 February 2025 – via BelgicaPress [nl].
  14. ^ "Jean-François évoque le parcours remarquable de Paule Herreman, pionnière du petit écran" [Jean-François discusses the remarkable journey of Paule Herreman, pioneer of the small screen]. RTBF. 18 September 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  15. ^ "Het TV blad" [The TV magazine]. De Standaard (in Dutch). Brussels, Belgium. 29 March 1960. p. 10. Retrieved 19 February 2025 – via BelgicaPress [nl].
  16. ^ "Televisiekijkers voor U..." [Television viewers for you...]. De Gazet van Aalst (in Dutch). Aalst, Belgium. 26 March 1960. p. 2. Retrieved 22 June 2022 – via Stadsarchief Aalst.
  17. ^ Roxburgh, Gordon (2012). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. One: The 1950s and 1960s. Prestatyn, United Kingdom: Telos Publishing. pp. 214–219. ISBN 978-1-84583-065-6.
  18. ^ "Télévision" [Television]. Le Soir (in French). Brussels, Belgium. 18 March 1961. p. 10. Retrieved 2 February 2025 – via BelgicaPress [nl].
  19. ^ "6ème concours Eurovision de la chanson 1961" [6th Eurovision Song Contest 1961]. INA Mediapro (Television broadcast). Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française (RTF). 2023 [18 March 1961]. Retrieved 14 April 2024 – via Institut national de l'audiovisuel (INA). Robert Beauvis: j'ai la charge d'assurer le commentaire pour le Grand Duché de Luxembourg, Monaco, la Suisse romande et parallèlement [...] Nic Bal, qui le fait en langue flamande pour la Belgique. [Robert Beauvis: I am responsible for ensuring the commentary for the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Monaco, French-speaking Switzerland and in parallel with [...] Nic Bal, who does it in the Flemish language for Belgium.]
  20. ^ "Télévision" [Television]. Le Soir (in French). Brussels, Belgium. 17 March 1962. p. 6. Retrieved 31 January 2025 – via BelgicaPress [nl].
  21. ^ Grand Prix Eurovision 1962 de la Chanson Européenne (Television production) (in Dutch). Luxembourg City, Luxembourg: Compagnie Luxembourgeoise de Télédiffusion (CLT) and Nederlandse Televisie Stichting (NTS). 18 March 1962. Duys: Goedenavond, dames en heren, in België en de Nederland. [Good evening, ladies and gentlemen, in Belgium and the Netherlands.]
  22. ^ "Radio en TV" [Radio and TV]. De Standaard (in Dutch). Brussels, Belgium. 23 March 1963. p. 19. Retrieved 28 November 2024 – via BelgicaPress [nl].
  23. ^ H. L. (24–25 March 1963). "Sympathique victoire du Danemark à l''Eurovision de la Chanson!'" [Nice victory for Denmark at the 'Eurovision Song Contest!']. Le Soir (in French). Brussels, Belgium. p. 5. Retrieved 1 December 2024 – via BelgicaPress [nl].
  24. ^ "Télévision" [Television]. Le Soir (in French). Brussels, Belgium. 21 March 1964. p. 11. Retrieved 31 January 2025 – via BelgicaPress [nl].
  25. ^ "Télévision | À la radio" [Television – On the radio]. Le Soir (in French). Brussels, Belgium. 20 March 1965. p. 11. Retrieved 16 January 2025 – via BelgicaPress [nl].
  26. ^ "Télévision" [Television]. Le Soir (in French). Brussels, Belgium. 5 March 1966. p. 11. Retrieved 4 January 2025 – via BelgicaPress [nl].
  27. ^ "À la radio" [On the radio]. Le Soir (in French). Brussels, Belgium. 5 March 1966. p. 11. Retrieved 4 January 2025 – via BelgicaPress [nl].
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